Supporting Evidence
Primary trials and high-signal references referenced by the tool. Links open in new tabs. This library is meant to explain why a recommendation appears, not to replace clinician judgment.
Quick links
Interventional Glaucoma / IG Protocol
Summary: These references outline the interventional glaucoma framework that underpins the tool's stage-matched escalation pathway.
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Funke CM, Ristvedt D, Yadgarov A, Micheletti JM. Interventional glaucoma consensus treatment protocol. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. Published online February 19, 2025. doi:
10.1080/17469899.2025.2465330Journal page PDF -
Micheletti JM, Funke CM, Radcliffe NM, Hornbeak DM, Katz LJ. Early adoption of a novel initial treatment paradigm for open-angle glaucoma: an evidence-based model. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. Published online 2025. doi:
10.1080/17469899.2025.2594815Journal page -
Micheletti JM, et al. Standalone interventional glaucoma: evolution from the combination-cataract paradigm. J Cataract Refract Surg (2024). DOI:
10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001537PubMed PMC full text -
Micheletti JM, Shultz M, Singh IP, Samuelson TW. An Emerging Multi-mechanism and Multi-modal Approach in Interventional Glaucoma Therapy (Ophthalmology and Therapy, 2025). DOI:
10.1007/s40123-024-01073-zPubMed Full text (PMC)
Laser trabeculoplasty (SLT / DSLT)
Summary: This group supports SLT-first or SLT-early strategies for ocular hypertension and many forms of open-angle glaucoma, including longer-horizon durability and functional outcomes.
- Gazzard G, et al. Selective laser trabeculoplasty versus eye drops for first-line treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma (LiGHT). The Lancet (2019). PubMed Full text
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Gazzard G, et al. LiGHT Trial: Six-Year Results of Primary SLT vs Eye Drops. Ophthalmology (2023). DOI:
10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.08.020PubMed Full text DOI -
Montesano G, et al. Six-Year Rate of Visual Field Progression in the Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Trial. Ophthalmology (2025). DOI:
10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.09.023PubMed DOI - Lee AC, Mosaed S, Weinreb RN, Kripke DF, Liu JHK. Effect of laser trabeculoplasty on nocturnal intraocular pressure in medically treated glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology (2007). PubMed
Procedural pharmaceuticals
Summary: Long-acting intracameral implants can reduce drop burden and adherence risk. Payment and coverage vary substantially by payer and site of service.
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Medeiros FA, et al. Bimatoprost implant (Durysta): phase 3 study in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (ARTEMIS 1). Ophthalmology (2020). DOI:
10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.018PubMed DOI -
Sarkisian SR Jr, et al. Travoprost intracameral implant (iDose TR): 12-month results in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Ophthalmol Ther (2024). DOI:
10.1007/s40123-024-00898-yPubMed PMC full text DOI
Trabecular bypass stents
Summary: Evidence supporting trabecular bypass stents as tissue-sparing MIGS options in appropriate patients (commonly in combination with cataract surgery), plus standalone data for iStent infinite.
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Ahmed IIK, De Francesco T, Rhee DJ, et al. Long-term Outcomes from the HORIZON Randomized Trial for a Schlemm's Canal Microstent in Combination Cataract and Glaucoma Surgery. Ophthalmology. 2022;129(7):742-751. doi:
10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.02.021PubMed -
Montesano G, Ometto G, Ahmed IIK, et al. Five-Year Visual Field Outcomes of the HORIZON Trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;251:143-155. doi:
10.1016/j.ajo.2023.02.008PubMed - Samuelson TW, et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled pivotal trial of iStent inject. Ophthalmology (2019). PubMed
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Sarkisian SR Jr, Grover DS, Gallardo MJ, et al; iStent infinite Study Group. Effectiveness and Safety of iStent Infinite Trabecular Micro-Bypass for Uncontrolled Glaucoma. J Glaucoma (2023). DOI:
10.1097/IJG.0000000000002141PubMed PMC full text DOI
Canaloplasty / viscodilation
Summary: Outcomes data supporting canaloplasty-based approaches used in tissue-sparing MIGS pathways.
- Greenwood MD, et al. 36-month outcomes from the GEMINI study: canaloplasty and trabeculotomy with the OMNI surgical system in combination with phacoemulsification in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology Glaucoma (2023). PubMed PMC full text
Uveoscleral outflow / Cyclodialysis (AlloFlo)
Summary: Emerging evidence for bio-interventional cyclodialysis with scleral allograft reinforcement to enhance uveoscleral outflow, often combined with cataract surgery.
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Ianchulev T, Weinreb RN, Calvo EA, et al. Bio-Interventional Cyclodialysis and Allograft Scleral Reinforcement for Uveoscleral Outflow Enhancement in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients: One-Year Clinical Outcomes. Clin Ophthalmol (2024). DOI:
10.2147/OPTH.S496631PubMed PMC full text DOI -
Calvo E, De Francesco T, Vera L, Tyson F, Weinreb RN. Bio-interventional Uveoscleral Outflow Enhancement Surgery for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: 2-Year Results of Cyclodialysis with Scleral Allograft Reinforcement. Ophthalmol Sci (2025). DOI:
10.1016/j.xops.2025.100727PubMed PMC full text DOI
Filtering procedures and tube shunts
Summary: Foundational outcomes data for escalation to trabeculectomy and tube shunts, including head-to-head comparisons and context for advanced disease.
- Gedde SJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study after five years (TVT). Am J Ophthalmol (2012). PubMed PMC full text
- Gedde SJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the Primary Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study after 5 years (PTVT). Ophthalmology (2022). PubMed PMC full text
- Christakis PG, et al. The Ahmed Versus Baerveldt Study: five-year treatment outcomes. Ophthalmology (2016). PubMed